Load Types for the Strength of Materials

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The structural members differ from each other, but are distinguished from them by five main stress types. Some forces dictate dimensioning, some are combinations of stresses. The force F or, in the case of combined loads (6-7), the forces load the rod-shaped part considered here.

Normal Force

Si system, the normal force in newtons (N ) is a mechanical quantity. The concept of the normal force is needed to determine the strength of the materials, to find out the cross-sectional tension level. In connection with the normal friction force, it is the component, perpendicular to the surface (surface being a plane) of contact, of the contact force exerted on an object by, for example, the surface of a floor or wall, preventing the object to fall.

The following three load types generates the so-called nominal force

F  <=  ==========  =>  F

1.  Pulling, where the force resistance demands pulling strength of the material.
     - normal force, perpendicular force against the reviewed surface
     - the pulled body may be long, the cross-sectional stress level determines the force
     - the force gets the nominal value of 1

F  =>  ==========  <=  F

2.  Compressing, where the force demands compressing strength of the material.                 - normal force, perpendicular force against the reviewed surface
      - the rod is short enough, the tension level determines the amount of force
      - the rod is long enough, buckling determines the amount of force
      - the force gets the nominal value of 1

3.  Bending, where the force demands bending strength of the material.
     - normal force, perpendicular force against the reviewed surface
     - the cross-sectional - pulling and compressing - stress level determines the force
     - the force gets the nominal value of 1

Cutting forces

4   Cutting, where the force demands cutting strength of the material
     - Cutting force, the transverse force against the reviewed surface
     - the tension level determines the amount of force
     - the force gets the nominal value of 1.61 ...

5    torsion, where the force demands torsionstrength of the material
      - cutting force, the transverse force against the reviewed surface
      - the tension level determines the amount of force
      - force gets the nominal value of 1.61 ...

Combining the nominal values ​​of 1 + 1 + 1 + 1.61 + 1.61 .. = 6.2(8) , in radians the vaue is a full circle. Multiplying the full circle 6.2(8) radians by the golden ratio of 1.61 ..

6.2 x 1.61... = 10

we are in ten number decimal system and all the tensions (stresses) beeing calculable at each other. EP-calculation is not decimals, such as the calculated loads are not exact.